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Tooth Developmental Disorder Cleft Palate †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Tooth Developmental Disorder Cleft Palate? Answer: Introducation Craniofacial interferences happen between fourth tenth long stretches of embryological development. During these stages, the mouth and nose of the baby create between fifth twelfth weeks. The palatine edges in hatchling join at the center and structure the rear of sense of taste. In the event that this joining gets intruded on, a hole shows up and brings about the arrangement of a separated in the sense of taste. Congenital fissure is the subsequent basic birth inconsistency around the world. It has a commonness of 7.75-10.63% per 10,000 births in the U.S (Mahabir et al., 2014). The finished sense of taste is framed by the combination of essential and optional palates that are isolated by sharp foramen, shapes a total congenital fissure. The essential sense of taste, shaped by combination of average nasal prominences contains hard sense of taste, found foremost to the sharp foramen and maxillary alveolar curve, which has 4 incisors. Auxiliary sense of taste development before long follows. The respective maxillary procedure gives out rack like outgrowths during the sixth week. They vertically develop down on either sides of the tongue. The tongue moves poorly and relocation of the palatal racks happen above them, to an even position. Uvular combination and palatal combination happen foremost back way. At the point when these average and maxillary nasal prominences neglect to combine singularly or reciprocally, one-sided and two-sided congenital fissures are shaped with or without essential sense of taste (Allori et al., 2017). At the point when the palatal r acks neglect to intertwine, optional sense of taste clefts are shaped. Palatal clefts are likewise created by a decrease in the space of oral depressions. This hinders the dislodging of tongue descending way. They lead to facial deformation, discourse issue, hearing disability, taking care of issues and mental issues. Hereditary inclination may prompt this contortion (Farronato et. al., 2014). Proof has been discovered that associate arrangement of congenital fissure to teratogen presentation in early pregnancy. A portion of the medications that can build the danger of this inherent variation from the norm are ondansetron, benzodiazepine, dilantine, barbiturates and valproic corrosive. Review examines demonstrate that maternal introduction to smoking, retinoic corrosive and liquor during the primary trimester of pregnancy improves the probability of the hatchling to have oral clefts (Molina-Solana et al., 2013). These teratogens defer the conclusion time during sense of taste develo pment and lead to this mutation. Treatment systems are commonly done inside a year. More extensive clefts are worked after the palatal racks develop inwards and come nearer. Specialists close the split in the nasal coating, oral covering and the muscles. Sense of taste fix is performed to improve discourse, reestablish capacity of Eustachian tube, close oronasal fistula and limit maxillary development modifications. Entry points are made on either sides of the parted and tissues are moved towards the midline or focus of the top of the mouth. The sense of taste gets remade and the muscles are consolidated. This prompts an expansion in the length of the sense of taste (Peterson-Falzone et al., 2016). This reestablishes the taking care of example and discourse abilities in the youngster. Language courses are likewise drilled in certain kids. Pharyngoplasty is completed in the individuals who report persevering discourse issues. Fine refinements in the sense of taste are frequently done by a maxillofacial specialist in youngsters. Along these lines, congenital fissure treatment includes plastic specialists, discourse therapisits, ENT specialists and orthodontists. References Allori, A. C., Mulliken, J. B., Meara, J. G., Shusterman, S., Marcus, J. R. (2017). Arrangement of congenital fissure/sense of taste: at that point and now.The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal,54(2), 175-188. Farronato, G., Cannalire, P., Martinelli, G., Tubertini, I., Giannini, L., Galbiati, G., Maspero, C. (2014). Congenital fissure as well as palate.Minerva stomatologica,63(4), 111-126. Mahabir, R. C., Tanaka, S. A., Jupiter, D. C., Menezes, J. M. (2014). Answer: refreshing the study of disease transmission of segregated separated palate.Plastic and reconstructive surgery,133(1), 68e-69e. Molina-Solana, R., Yez-Vico, R. M., Iglesias-Linares, A., Mendoza-Mendoza, A., Solano-Reina, E. (2013). Current ideas on the impact of ecological factors on congenital fissure and palate.International diary of oral and maxillofacial surgery,42(2), 177-184. Peterson-Falzone, S. J., Trost-Cardamone, J., Karnell, M. P., Hardin-Jones, M. A. (2016).The Clinician's Guide to Treating Cleft Palate Speech-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

How to Cite a White House Press Briefing

How to Cite a White House Press Briefing (0) Communication from the White House has always been important and press briefings provide loads of raw information that you might find useful for papers, articles, and projects. Citing a White House press briefing might seem difficultâ€"but it’s easier than it seems. Regardless of whether you want to cite a White House press briefing in MLA format, APA format, or Chicago, we have some handy tips to help make the process a little easier for you. When citing a White House press briefing, you must take the following pieces of information into account: Name of government and agency. In this case, it will be “United States, Office of the Press Secretary.” The title of the press briefing that you’re citing The date the press briefing was published The URL (visible in the top of your web browser) The title of the site the briefing was found on The press briefing number (if available) Use the following structure to cite a White house press briefing transcript in MLA 8: Name of Government and Agency. “Title of the Press Briefing.” Title of the Site, Press briefing No., Date of Press Briefing, URL (remove // or //). Here’s how the above example would be cited in MLA 8: United States, Office of the Press Secretary. “Press Briefing by Press Secretary Sean Spicer.” The White House, no. 25, 16 Mar. 2017, www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/03/16/press-briefing-press-secretary-sean-spicer-3162017-25. Use the following structure to cite a White house press briefing transcript  in APA: Name of Government and Agency (Producer). (Year, Month Day). Title of press briefing [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from URL *APA rules say to abbreviate “United States” to “U.S.” when the U.S. is used as an adjective. Here’s how the above example would be cited in APA: U.S. Office of the Press Secretary (Producer). (2017, March 16). Press briefing by Press Secretary Sean Spicer, 3/17/2017, #25  [Interview transcript]. Retrieved from //www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/03/16/press-briefing-press-secretary-sean-spicer-3162017-25 Use the following structure to cite a White house press briefing transcript in Chicago: Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Press Briefing.” Title of the Site, Date press briefing took place. Accessed date. URL. *According to The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition, citations begin with the either the name of the interviewer or the interviewee. Here’s how the above example would be cited in Chicago: Spicer, Sean. “Press Briefing by Press Secretary Sean Spicer. ”The White House, March 16, 2017. Accessed March 17, 2017. //www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/03/16/press-briefing-press-secretary-sean-spicer-3162017-25.

Drugs in Prison Essay - 3335 Words

Abstract This research paper will consist of an analysis of the use and abuse of illicit drugs within the prison systems on a global basis. With information gathered from various sources such as the internet and one on one interviews with an inmate in a male correctional facility and a former inmate of a female correctional facility I intend to show the rampant flow of drugs in and out of the prison system, the control of (or lack there of) by prison officials, the drug gangs and dealers in correctional facilities, the rate of addiction, and treatments available to inmates suffering from addiction. The introduction of drugs into the prison system has been an issue for corrections staff for many years. Prison officials†¦show more content†¦Even though the men and women behind the walls are segregated from the outside world, the same trials and tribulations you or I must deal with each day are also dealt with by inmates. When looking at the reason why inmates feel the need to escape from reality, the same reasoning factors apply to those whom are not incarcerated choosing to abuse drugs. Low self-esteem, the inability to cope with the crime or crimes committed that caused incarceration and the deterioration of family relationships are just a few of the reasons inmates use to turn to the use of drugs. At one point in time the high percentage of men and women who are drug abusers were a minority in the prison population worldwide. In 1998 Paul Turnbull explored the prison population and found Â…30% of prisoners in the United Kingdom, two thirds of the prison population in the United States, and 25% of probation and prison population in Sweden are believed to be dependent drug users (Turnbull and Webster 1998).# Studies have also found that inmates with previous drug abuse history are in fear of punishment when requesting treatment. Inmates who need to have drug treatment do not receive any assistance as their fear of punishment is overwhelming thus causing inmates to continue with their drug behavior. The drug treatment options available to inmates varies on the country in which the individual is incarcerated. TheShow MoreRelatedOvercrowded Prisons and the War on Drugs1178 Words   |  5 PagesThe War on Drugs One must wonder if the war on drugs helps or hinders our American Criminal Justice System when you look at the overwhelming impact it has had on crowding issues within our prisons. At the present time there are over 1.5 million people in prison, 59.6 % for drug offenses alone. The war on drugs started over 100 years ago in San Francisco, California when the first law against drugs was enacted to stop the smoking of opium. In all actuality, this law was against the ChineseRead MoreShould Drug Addicts Be Prison? Essay1771 Words   |  8 PagesIn discussions of drug addicts, one controversial issue has been whether to send drug addicts to prison or rehab. The issue presented is the cause of why drug addicts are sentenced to jail time rather then being sent to a rehab facilitation. Due to how addicted they are to drugs, many believe that prison will help them, Drug addicts should be placed in a rehab center so that they can get the help that they need. Addiction may be a societal problem, but more than anything else it is an individualRead More Drugs in the Prison System Essay3203 Words   |  13 PagesDrugs in the Prison System This research paper will consist of an analysis of the use and abuse of illicit drugs within the prison systems on a global basis. With information gathered from various sources such as the internet and one on one interviews with an inmate in a male correctional facility and a former inmate of a female correctional facility I intend to show the rampant flow of drugs in and out of the prison system, the control of (or lack there of) by prison officials, theRead MoreShould Violent Drug Offenders Be Prison?1049 Words   |  5 PagesThere has been debate over whether non-violent drug offenders belong in prison. Some believe all drug offenders should be put in prison, others believe that it depends on circumstances, and, still others believe only violent drug offenders should be incarcerated. Overcrowding is one point of contention. It seems as though the slightest infraction can land a person in prison. Violence is rampant, whether inmate versus inmate or inmate versus guard. Rehabilitation or education is practically non-existentRead MoreIs Drug Treatment a Viable Alternative to Prison Time? Essay1113 Words   |  5 PagesPrisons and county jails are extremely over populated, so over populated that in some jails inmates are sleeping on the floors. According to Senator Jeanne Shaheen (From Senator Jeanne Shaheen: Prison Overcrowding, 2011), the federal prisons are currently 35 percent over their capacity. The overc rowding is costing the criminal justice system and taxpayers more money to transfer inmates to other facilities and in lawsuits brought by inmates against the prisons. With the prisons and county jailsRead MoreThe Private Prison System War On Drugs And Mass Incarceration883 Words   |  4 PagesThe Private Prison System War on drugs and Mass Incarceration A private prison or for-profit prison is a place in which individuals are physically confined or incarcerated by a third party that is contracted by a government agency. Private prison companies typically enter into contractual agreements with governments that commit prisoners and then pay a per diem or monthly rate, either for each prisoner in the facility or for each place available, whether occupied or not. Such contracts may be forRead MoreAmericas War on Drugs - The Prison Industrial Complex Essay911 Words   |  4 Pagesviewing the documentary: Americas War on Drugs - The Prison Industrial Complex, it is clear that the Criminal Justice System is in desperate need of reconstruction and repair with policies such as the mandatory minimum sentencing act which has proven to be unsuccessful and unjust in its efforts to deter criminals from committing illegal acts as seen with the increase of incarcerations of the American people and the devastating effect it has had on those in pris on and the family members of those incarceratedRead MoreWomen Who Use Drugs Are Caught Up Within A Cycle Of Prison And Reoffending1052 Words   |  5 PagesWomen who use drugs tend to be caught up in a cycle of prison and reoffending. The article written by Margaret Pereira is her personal account of the damaging effect that incarceration can have on a woman and her family. Pereira posits that something should be done to curb the cyclical nature of drug use and incarceration. She notes that since the advent of the war on drugs the amount of offenses created by arresting drug users has increased the workload of officers significantly, rather thanRead MoreShould Drugs Be Legalized?1239 Words   |  5 Pages80-90% of all inmates are incarcerated due to drug related crime or robbery to help pay for their drugs that they owe money on. For these inmates dealing with drugs is something very normal in their lives. Drugs being involved in prisons is also something that is very similar to the world. Prison guards find an inmate trying to smuggle in drugs at least once a week. As seen on Orange is the New Black in many episodes in season 2 and 3 the inmates smuggled in tobacco for cigarettes and Nicky got inRead More235764916 CJA 394 Week 1 Criminal Justice Overview Paper SAMPLE page only1665 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Select one of the following issues: †¢ Racial profiling †¢ Prison overcrowding †¢ The war on drugs †¢ Increased use of technology †¢ Cultural diversity Write a 1,050- to 1,705-word paper addressing how your selected issue affects the criminal justice system as a whole. †¢ Describe some of the change(s) the criminal justice system as a whole has made in response to the issue you selected. †¢ Include your opinion on whether the changes are sufficient. Should more changes be made, and if so, what changes

Practical Implementation Tips Type 2 Diabetes (T2Dm).

Practical Implementation Tips: Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) 1. Identify those at high risk of T2DM on your practice register The State of the nation 2016 (England): time to take control of diabetes1 report from Diabetes UK warns us that 5 million people in England are at high risk of developing T2DM. We have high quality evidence from several international diabetes prevention studies2 that early lifestyle intervention can reduce both long-term progression to T2DM, and long-term incidence of cardiovascular all-cause mortality. Based on this evidence, the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme3 was launched during 2016 to provide individualised lifestyle support for those at high risk of T2DM. NICE Public Health Guidance 38 â€Å"Prevention of T2DM†¦show more content†¦If repeat test is also 48mmol/mol, then a diagnosis of T2DM can be established o If HbA1c 42-47mmol/mol this suggests high risk of diabetes; follow flowchart above o If HbA1c 30kg/m2 †¢ Previous macrosomic baby weighing 4.5kg †¢ A family history of diabetes (1st degree relative with diabetes) †¢ A minority ethnic background with a high prevalence of diabetes (e.g. South or East Asian, Middle Eastern, Afro-Caribbean, Hispanic) †¢ Previous GDM †¢ 2+ glycosuria on antenatal screening (or 1+ on two or more occasions during pregnancy) NICE NG3 Diabetes in Pregnancy11 recommend we diagnose GDM as follows: †¢ A FBG ≠¥5.6mmol/l or a 2-hour blood glucose post 75g oral glucose tolerance test ≠¥7.8mmol/l †¢ As you can see, these thresholds are much lower than we would use to diagnose T2DM in the non-pregnant individual; we need to ensure that we do not miss this significant diagnosis GDM greatly increases the risk of future T2DM12, however, many women with GDM are unfortunately lost to follow-up after pregnancy, often understandably due to busy family lives13. NICE NG3 Diabetes in Pregnancy11 recommend we follow-up those with GDM as follows: †¢ Offer lifestyle advice and check a FBG at 6-13 weeks after birth in those women with GDM. Do not routinely offer an oral glucose tolerance test o Pragmatically, this could comprise part of the routine 6-week post-partum check †¢ If the FBG is ≠¥7mmol/l, a diagnosis of T2DM can be

Apush Notes Chapter 8 Free Essays

string(51) " numerous where the Anglican Church was strongest\." A. P. U. We will write a custom essay sample on Apush Notes Chapter 8 or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. History Notes Chapter 8: â€Å"America Secedes from the Empire† ~ 1775 – 1783 ~ I. Congress Drafts George Washington 1. After the bloodshed at Lexington and Concord in April of 1775, about 20,000 Minutemen swarmed around Boston, where they outnumbered the British. 2. The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775, with no real intention of independence, merely a desire to continue fighting in the hope that the king and Parliament would consent to a redress of grievances. a. It sent another list of grievances to Parliament. . It also adopted measures to raise money for an army and a navy. c. It also selected George Washington to command the army. 1) George had never risen above the rank of colonel, and his largest command had only been of 1200 men, but he was a tall figure who looked like a leader, and thus, was a moral boost to troops. 2) He radiated patience, courage, self-discipline, and a sense of justice, and though he insisted on working wi thout pay, he did keep a careful expense account amounting to more than $100,00. II. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings 1. In the first year, the war was one of consistency, as the colonists maintained their loyalty while still shooting at the king’s men. 2. In May 1775, a tiny American force led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, surprised and captured the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 3. In June 1775, the colonials seized Bunker Hill (before known as Breed’s Hill). a. Instead of flanking them, the Redcoats launched a frontal attack, and the heavily entrenched colonial sharpshooters mowed them down until meager gunpowder supplies ran out and they were forced to retreat. 4. After Bunker Hill, George III slammed the door for all hope of reconciliation and declared the colonies to be in open rebellion, a treasonous affair. 5. The King also hired many German mercenaries, called Hessians, who, because they were lured by booty and not duty, had large numbers desert and remained in America to become respectful citizens. III. The Abortive Conquest of Canada 1. In October 1775, the British burned Falmouth (Portland), Maine. 2. The colonists decided that invading Canada would add a 14th colony and deprive Britain of a valuable base for striking at the colonies in revolt. a. Also, the French-Canadians would support the Americans because they supposedly were bitter about Britain’s taking over of their land. b. General Richard Montgomery captured Montreal. c. At Quebec, he was joined by the bedraggled army of General Benedict Arnold. d. On the last day of 1775, in the assault of Quebec, Montgomery was killed and Arnold was wounded in one leg, and the whole campaign collapsed as the men retreated up the St. Lawrence River, reversing the way Montgomery had come. e. Besides, the French-Canadians, who had welcomed the Quebec Act, didn’t really like the anti-Catholic invaders. 3. In January 1776, the British set fire to Norfolk, Virginia, but in March, they were finally forced to evacuate Boston. 4. In the South, the rebels won a victory against some 1500 Loyalists at Moore’s Creek Bridge, in South Carolina, and against an invading British fleet at Charleston Harbor. IV. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 1. In 1776, Thomas Paine published Common Sense, which urged colonials to stop this war of inconsistency, stop pretending loyalty, and just fight. 2. Nowhere in the universe did a smaller body control a larger one, so Paine argued, saying why tiny Britain had to control gigantic America. . He called King George III â€Å"the Royal Brute of Great Britain. † V. Paine and the Idea of â€Å"Republicanism† 1. Paine argued his idea that there should be a â€Å"republic† where senators, governors, and judges should have their power from the consent of the people. 2. He laced his ideas with Biblical imagery, familiar to common folk. 3. Hi s ideas about rejecting monarchy and empire and embrace an independent republic fell on receptive ears in America, though it should be noted that these ideas already existed. a. The New Englanders already practiced this type of government in their town meetings. . Some patriots, though, favored a republic ruled by a â€Å"natural aristocracy. † VI. Jefferson’s â€Å"Explanation† of Independence 1. Members of the Philadelphia Congress, instructed by their colonies, gradually moved toward a clean break with Britain. 2. On June 7, 1776, fiery Richard Henry urged for complete independence, an idea that was finally adopted on July 2, 1776. 3. To write such a statement, Congress appointed Thomas Jefferson, already renown as a great writer, to concoct a Declaration of Independence. a. He did so eloquently, coming up with a list of grievances against King George III and persuasively explaining why the colonies had the right to revolt. b. His â€Å"explanation† of independence also upheld the â€Å"natural rights† of humankind. 4. When Congress approved it on July 2nd, John Adams proclaimed that date to be celebrated from then on with fireworks, but because of editing and final approval, it was not completely approved until July 4th, 1776. VII. Patriots and Loyalists 1. The War of Independence was a war within a war, as not all colonials were united. . There were Patriots, who supported rebellion and were called â€Å"Whigs. † b. There were Loyalists, who supported the King, often went to battle against fellow Americans, and were called â€Å"Tories. † c. There were those who didn’t care, and these people were constantly being asked to join one side or another. 2. During the war, the British proved that they could only control Tory areas, because when Redcoats packed up and left other areas, the rebels would regain control. 3. The Patriot militias constantly harassed small British detachments. 4. Loyalists were generally conservatives, but the war divided families. a. Benjamin Franklin was against his illegitimate son, William, the last royal governor of New Jersey. 5. The Patriots were generally the younger generation, like Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry. 6. Loyalists were most numerous where the Anglican Church was strongest. You read "Apush Notes Chapter 8" in category "Papers" 7. There were also those who sold to the highest bidder, selling the British and ignoring starving, freezing soldiers (i. e. George Washington at Valley Forge). 8. Loyalists were less numerous in New England, where Presbyterianism and Congregationalism flourished. VIII. The Loyalist Exodus 1. After the Declaration of Independence, Loyalists and Patriots were more sharply divided, and Patriots often confiscated Loyalist property and resell it (good way to raise money). 2. Some 50,000 Loyalists served the British in one way or another (fighting, spying, etc†¦), and it was an oddity that the Brits didn’t make more use of them during the war. IX. General Washington at Bay . After the evacuation of Boston, the British focused on New York as a HQ for operations. a. An awe-inspiring fleet appeared off the coast in July 1776, consisting of some 500 ships and 35,000 men—the largest armed force seen in America ever until the Civil War. b. Washington could only muster 18,000 ill-trained men to fight, and they were routed at the Battle of Long Island. c. Washington escaped to Manhattan Island, cross ed the Hudson River to New Jersey, reaching the Delaware River with taunting, fox-hunt calling British on his heels. d. Crossing the Delaware River at Trenton on a cold December 26, 1776, and surprised and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping off their Christmas Day celebration (drinking). e. He then left his campfires burning as a ruse, slipped away, and inflicted a sharp defeat on a smaller British detachment at Princeton, showing his military genius at its best. f. It was odd that General William Howe, the British general, didn’t crush Washington when he was at the Delaware, but he well remembered Bunker Hill, and was cautious. X. Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion 1. London officials adopted a complicated scheme for capturing the vital Hudson River Valley in 1777 which, if successful, would severe New England from the rest of the colonies: a. General Burgoyne would push down the Lake Champlain route from Canada. b. General Howe’s troops in New York, if needed, could advance up the Hudson and meet Burgoyne in Albany. c. A third and much smaller British force commanded by Colonel Barry St. Ledger would come in from the west by way of Lake Ontario and the Mohawk Valley. 2. However, Benedict Arnold, after failure at Quebec, retreated slowly along the St. Lawrence back to Lake Champlain, where the British would have to win control (of the lake) before proceeding. a. The Brits stopped to build a huge force, while Arnold assembled a tattered flotilla from whatever boats he could find. b. His â€Å"navy† was destroyed, but he had gained valuable time, because winter set in and the British settled in Canada; they would have to begin anew the next spring. 1) Had Arnold not contributed his daring and skill, the Brits most likely would have recaptured Ticonderoga and Burgoyne could have started from there and succeeded in his venture. 3. Burgoyne began his mission with 7000 troops and a heavy baggage train consisting of a great number of the officers’ wives. a. Meanwhile, sneaky rebels, sensing the kill, were gathering along his flanks. 4. General Howe, at a time when he should be starting up the Hudson, deliberately embarked for an attack on Philadelphia. a. He wanted to force an encounter with Washington and leave the path wide open for Burgoyne’s thrust; he thought he had enough time to help Burgoyne if needed. b. Washington transferred his troops to Philly, but was defeated at Brandywine Creek and Germantown. . Then, the fun-loving Howe settled down in Philadelphia, leaving Burgoyne â€Å"to the dogs. † d. Ben Franklin, in Paris, joked that Howe hadn’t captured Philadelphia, but that â€Å"Philadelphia had captured Howe. † 5. Washington finally retired for the winter at Valley Forge, where his troops froze in the cold, but a recently arrived Prussian drill master, Baron von Steu ben, whipped the cold troops into shape. 6. Burgoyne’s doomed troops were bogged down, and the rebels swarmed in with a series of sharp engagements, pushing the St. Legers force back at Oriskany while Burgoyne, unable to advance or retreat, surrendered his entire force at Saratoga, on October 17, 1777. a. Perhaps one of the most decisive battles in British and American history. XI. Strange French Bedfellows 1. France was eager to get revenge on Britain, and secretly supplied the Americans throughout much of the war. 2. After the humiliation at Saratoga, the British offered the Americans a measure that gave them home rule—everything they wanted except independence. 3. After Saratoga, France finally was persuaded to enter the war against Britain. a. Louis XVI’s ministers argued that this was the perfect time to act, because if Britain regained control, she might then try to capture the French West Indies for compensation for the war. b. Now was the time the strike, rather than risk a stronger Britain with its reunited colonies. 4. France, in 1778, offered a treaty of alliance, offering America everything that Britain had offered, plus recognition of independence. a. The Americans accepted with caution, since France was pro-Catholic, but since they needed help, they’d take it. XII. The Colonial War Becomes a World War 1. In 1779, Spain and Holland entered the war against Britain. . In 1780, Catherine the Great of Russia took the lead in organizing the Armed Neutrality (she later called it the Armed Nullity) that lined up all of Europe’s neutrals in passive hostility against England. 3. America, though it kept the war going until 1778, didn’t win until France, Spain, and Holland joined in and Britain co uldn’t handle them all. 4. Britain, with the French now in the seas, decided to finally evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate their forces in New York, and even though Washington attacked them at Monmouth on a blisteringly hot day in which scores of men died of sunstroke, the British escaped to New York. XIII. Blow and Counterblow 1. French reinforcements, commanded by Comte de Rochambeau, arrived in Newport, Rhode Island in 1780, but flares sometimes erupted between the Americans and the French. 2. In 1780, feeling unappreciated and lured by British gold, General Benedict Arnold turned traitor by plotting with the British to sell out West Point. a. When the plot was discovered, he fled with the British. b. â€Å"Whom can we trust now? † cried George Washington in anguish. 3. The British devised a plan to roll up the colonies from the South. a. Georgia was ruthlessly overrun in 1778-1779. b. Charleston, South Carolina, fell in 1780. . In the Carolinas, Patriots bitterly fought their Loyalist neighbors. d. However, in 1781, American riflemen wiped out a British detachment at King’s Mountain, and then defeated a smaller force at Cowpens. e. At the Carolina campaign of 1781, Quaker-reared tactician General Nathanael Greene distinguished himself with his strategy of delay. 1) By slowly retreating and losing battles but winning campaigns, he helped clear the British out of most of Georgia and South Carolina. XIV. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier 1. 1777 was known as the â€Å"bloody year† on the frontier, as Indians went on a scalping spree. . Most of the Indians supported Britain and believed that if they won, it would stop American expansion into the West, and save Indian land. 3. Mohawk chief Joseph Brant, recently converted to Anglicanism, and his men ravaged the backcountry of Pennsylvania and New York until check by Americans in 1779. 4. In 1784, the pro-British Iroquois (the Oneidas and the Tuscaroras had sided with the Americans, the other four with the British) signed the Treaty of For Stanwix, the first treaty between the U. S. and an Indian nation. a. Under its terms, the Indians ceded most of their land. 5. Even in wartime, pioneers moved west, showing their gratitude to the French with such town names as Louisville while remembering the Revolution with Lexington, Kentucky. 6. George Rogers Clark, an audacious frontiersman, floated down the Ohio River with about 175 in 1778-1779 and captured forts Kaskaskia, Chohokia, and Vicennes in quick succession. 7. The tiny American navy never really hurt the British warships, but it did destroy British merchant shipping and carried the war into the waters around the British Isles. 8. Swift privateers preyed on enemy shipping, capturing many ships and forcing them to sail in convoys. XV. Yorktown and the Final Curtain. 1. Before the last decisive victory, inflation continued to soar, and the government was virtually bankrupt, and announced that it could only repay many of its debts at a rate of 2. 5 cents on the dollar. 2. However, Cornwallis was blundering into a trap. a. Retreating to Chesapeake Bay and assuming that British control of the seas would give him much needed backup, Cornwallis instead was trapped by Washington’s army, which had come 300 miles from New York, Rochambeau’s French army, and the navy of French Admiral de Grasse. . After hearing the news of Cornwallis’ defeat, Lord North cried, â€Å"Oh God! It’s all over! † 4. Stubborn King George wanted to continue the war, since he still had 54,000 troops in North America and 32,000 in the U. S. , and fighting did continue for about a year after Yorktown, especially in the South, but America had won. XVI. Peace at Paris 1. Many Brits were weary of the war, since they had suffered heavy reverse in India and the West Indies, the island of Minorca in the Mediterranean had fallen, and the Rock of Gibraltar was tottering. . Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay met in Paris for a peace deal. a. Jay suspected that France would try to keep the U. S. cooped up east of the Alleghenies and keep America weak. b. Instead, Jay, thinking that France would betray American ambitious to satisfy those of Spain, secretly made separate overtures to London (against instructions from Congress) and came to terms quickly with the British, who were eager to entice one of their enemies from the alliance. 3. The Treaty of Paris of 1783, Britain formally recognized the USA and granted generous boundaries, stretching majestically to the Mississippi on the west, the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the South. a. The Yankees also retained a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland. b. Americans couldn’t persecute Loyalists, though, and Congress could only recommend legislatures that confiscated Loyalist land. XVII. A New Nation Legitimized 1. Britain had ceded so much land because it was trying to entice America from its French alliance. a. Remember, George Rogers Clark had only conquered a small part of the land. 2. Also, during the time, the American-friendly Whigs were in control of the Parliament, which was not to be the case in later years. 3. France approved the treaty, though with cautious eyes. 4. In truth, America came out the big winner, and seldom, if ever, have any people been so favored. XVIII. Makers of America: The Loyalists 1. Loyalists were conservative, well-educated, thought that a complete break with Britain would invite anarchy, and felt that America couldn’t win against the more powerful army in the world. . Many Britons had settled in America after the Seven Years’ War, and they had reason to support their home country. 3. Thousands of African-Americans joined the British ranks for hope of freedom from bondage. a. Many Black Loyalists won their freedom from Britain. b. Others suffered betrayal, such as when Cornwallis abandoned over 4000 former slaves in Virginia and when many Black Loyalists boarded ships expecting to embark for freedom and instead found themselves sold back into slavery. c. Some Black exiles settled in Britain, but weren’t really accepted easily. . Most Loyalists remained in America, where they faced special burdens and struggled to re-establish themselves in a society that viewed them as traitors. 5. Hugh Gaine, though, succeeded. a. He reopened his business and even won contracts fro the new government. b. He also published the new national army regulations authored by Baron von Steuben. c. When New York ratified the Constitution in 1788, Gaine rode the float at the head of the city’s celebration parade. d. He had, like many other former Loyalists, become an American. How to cite Apush Notes Chapter 8, Papers

Phosphates In Water Pollution Essays - Aquatic Ecology, Phosphates

Phosphates in Water Pollution Phosphates may be created by substituting some or all of the hydrogen of a phosphoric acid by metals. Depending on the number of hydrogen atoms that are replaced, the resulting compound is described as a primary, secondary or tertiary phosphate. Primary and secondary phosphates contain hydrogen and are acid salts. Secondary and tertiary phosphates, with the exception of those of sodium, potassium and ammonium are insoluble in water. Tertiary sodium phosphate is valuable as a detergent and water softener. The primary phosphates tend to be more soluble. Phosphates, which are an important component to metabolism in both plants and animals, help in the first step in oxidation of glucose in the body. Primary calcium phosphate is an ingredient of plant fertilizer. Phosphates have caused increasing attention recently. The focus is on the environmentally harmful effects in household detergents. Wastewater, from laundering agents, contains phosphates, which are said to be a water pollutant. Most laundry detergents contain approximately 35% to 75% sodium triphosphate (Na5P3O10), which serves two purposes. Providing an alkaline solution (pH 9.0 to 10.5) is necessary for effective cleansing and also to tie up calcium and magnesium ions found in natural waters and prevent them from interfering with the cleansing role of the detergent. Eutrophication is the progressive over-fertilization of water, in which festering masses of algae's blooms, choking rivers and lakes. Phosphorus compounds act as a fertilizer for all plant life, whether free-floating algae or more substantial rooted weeds, and are implicated in eutrophication. Many countries control phosphate levels, whereas Switzerland has banned the use of phosphates. The marine environment is both fragile and more resistant than the terrestrial ecosystem. It is fragile for the reasons that nutrients are generally present in very low concentrations, permanently consumed by living organisms and pollutants diffuse rapidly. Lakes and rivers are extremely complex ecosystems. Nutrients are taken up by both algae and rooted weeds. The weeds act as a shelter for fish larvae and zooplankton, both of which eat algae and are, in turn, eaten by larger fish. Scientists have concluded that unpolluted lakes can absorb surprisingly large amounts of phosphates without uncertainty. When a fertilizer, such as a phosphate, is added more algae will grow, and consequently will the populations of zooplankton and fish. Difficulties only arise when the lake is already impure. Zooplankton are sensitive to their environment and many substances are toxic to them. If any of these substances, including phosphates, are present the zooplankton population cannot increase. Adding phosphates to this polluted system will case algae growth. The floating masses cut off the light supply. Weeds die and decompose using up dissolved oxygen, and causing sulfurous smells and plagues. Deprived of shelter and food, the fish larvae starve. The lake is well on the way to catastrophe. Without wetlands there would be a minimal amount of fresh drinking water due to the fact that wetlands filter the waters of our lakes, rivers and streams, sequentially reducing contamination of water. The plant growth in wetlands removes phosphates and other plant nutrients washed in from the surrounding soil, consequently restricting the growth of algae and aquatic weeds. This growth is a serious problem in some of Canada's major waterways, where dead and decaying algae deprive the deeper waters of their oxygen. Researches at Lancaster University have studied lakes whose plant and animal life has been killed by acid rain. The excess acid in the lakes can be neutralized easily by adding lime, but this makes the waters rich in calcium. Life will gradually return to the lake but, as these lakes should have low calcium levels, it will not be the same kind of life that existed in lakes before pollution. The answer, they have concluded, is to add phosphates. These phosphates work by shielding the water. This depends upon nitrate ions in the lake. Contradictory, these ions also are produced by acid rain, contain oxides of nitrogen from combustion sources. These fertilizers do not alter the pH level of the water. Instead, they stimulate the growth of plants. The plants absorb the dissolved nitrates, generating hydroxide ions, which in return neutralize the excess acid. Removal of phosphates from detergent is not likely to slow algae growth

Psychology - Learning essays

Psychology - Learning essays There are many different kinds of ways that people and animals learn. People can adjust the way they learn to the different situations in which they are learning and what they have to learn. One form of learning is known as conditioning. Conditioning emphasises the relationship between stimuli and responses. The two types of conditioning found are Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning. Learning may occur in different ways. Psychologists have distinguished between different types of learning, these being Observational Learning and Insight Learning. Classical conditioning refers to a simple form of learning, which occurs through the repeated association of two or more different stimuli. Learning is only said to have occurred once a particular stimulus always produces a response which it did not previously produce. Classical conditioning involves an unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response, aswell as a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response. The unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus, which consistently produces a naturally occurring, automatic response. The unconditioned response is a reflexive and involuntary response, which occurs as a result of the unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus is the stimulus that is neutral at the beginning of the conditioning process and does not produce the unconditioned response. But through repeated association with the conditioned stimulus, triggers the same response as the unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned response is the learned response that is b rought forth by the conditioned stimulus. The conditioned response occurs after the conditioned stimulus has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus. An example of classical conditioning is when a person walks past a certain house each day and every time is attacked by a large dog. They then associate that house with the dog and avoid walking past there again. In this example the ...

Mahdist War and the Siege of Khartoum

Mahdist War and the Siege of Khartoum Siege of Khartoum - Conflict Dates: The Siege of Khartoum lasted from March 13, 1884 to January 26, 1885, and took place during the Mahdist War (1881-1899). Armies Commanders British Egyptians Major General Charles Gordon7,000 men, 9 gunboats Mahdists Muhammad Ahmadapprox. 50,000 men Siege of Khartoum - Background: In the wake of 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War, British troops remained in Egypt to protect British interests. Though occupying the country, they allowed the Khedive to continue overseeing domestic affairs. This included dealing with the Mahdist Revolt which had commenced in Sudan. Though technically under Egyptian rule, large parts of Sudan had fallen to Mahdist forces led by Muhammad Ahmad. Considering himself the Mahdi (the redeemer of Islam), Ahmad defeated Egyptian forces at El Obeid in November 1883 and overran Kordofan and Darfur. This defeat and the deteriorating situation led to Sudan being discussed in Parliament. Assessing the problem and wishing to avoid the cost of intervention, Prime Minister William Gladstone and his cabinet were unwilling to commit forces to the conflict. As a result, their representative in Cairo, Sir Evelyn Baring, directed the Khedive to order the garrisons in Sudan to evacuate back into Egypt. To oversee this operation, London requested that Major General Charles Chinese Gordon be placed in command. A veteran officer and former governor-general of Sudan, Gordon was familiar with the region and its peoples. Leaving in early 1884, he was also tasked with reporting on the best means for extracting the Egyptians from the conflict. Arriving in Cairo, he was re-appointed Governor-General of Sudan with full executive powers. Sailing up the Nile, he arrived at Khartoum on February 18. Directing his limited forces against the advancing Mahdists, Gordon began evacuating women and children north to Egypt. Siege of Khartoum - Gordon Digs In: Though London desired to abandon Sudan, Gordon firmly believed the Mahdists needed to be defeated or they could overrun Egypt. Citing a lack of boats and transport, he ignored his orders to evacuate and began organizing a defense of Khartoum. In an effort to win over the citys residents, he improved the justice system and remitted taxes. Recognizing that Khartoums economy rested on the slave trade, he re-legalized slavery despite the fact that he had originally abolished it during his earlier term as governor-general. While unpopular at home, this move increased Gordons support in the city. As he moved forward, he began requesting reinforcements to defend the city. An initial request for a regiment of Turkish troops was denied as was a later call for a force of Indian Muslims. Increasingly agitated by Gladstones lack of support, Gordon began sending a series of angry telegrams to London. These soon became public and led to a vote of no confidence against Gladstones government. Though he survived, Gladstone steadfastly refused to become committed to a war in Sudan. Left on his own, Gordon began enhancing Khartoums defenses. Protected to the north and west by the White and Blue Niles, he saw that fortifications and trenches were constructed to the south and east. Facing the desert, these were supported by land mines and wire barriers. To defend the rivers, Gordon retrofitted several steamers into gunboats which were protected by metal plates. Attempting an offensive near Halfaya on March 16, Gordons troops faltered and took 200 casualties. In the wake of the setback, he concluded that he should remain on the defensive. Siege of Khartoum - The Siege Begins: Later that month, Mahdist forces began to near Khartoum and skirmishing commenced. With Mahdist forces closing in, Gordon telegraphed London on April 19 that he had provisions for five months. He also requested two to three thousand Turkish troops as his men were increasingly unreliable. Gordon believed that with such a force, he could drive off the enemy. As the month ended, the tribes to the north elected to join with the Mahdi and cut off Gordons lines of communication to Egypt. While runners were able to make the journey, the Nile and telegraph were severed. As enemy forces surrounded the city, Gordon attempted to convince the Mahdi to make peace but with no success. Siege of Khartoum - Fall of Khartoum: Holding the city, Gordon was able to somewhat replenish his supplies by raiding with his gunboats. In London, his plight was played up in the press and eventually, Queen Victoria directed Gladstone to send aid to the beleaguered garrison. Acquiescing in July 1884, Gladstone ordered General Sir Garnet Wolseley to form an expedition for the relief of Khartoum. Despite this, it took a substantial amount of time to organize the needed men and supplies. As the fall progressed, Gordons position became increasingly tenuous as supplies dwindled and many of his more capable officers were killed. Shortening his line, he constructed a new wall inside the city and tower from which to observe the enemy. Though communications remained spotty, Gordon did receive word that a relief expedition was en route. Despite this news, Gordon greatly feared for the city. A letter that arrived in Cairo on December 14 informed a friend, Farewell. You will never hear from me again. I fear that there will be treachery in the garrison, and all will be over by Christmas. Two days later, Gordon was forced to destroy his outpost across the White Nile at Omdurman. Made aware of Gordons concerns, Wolseley began pressing south. Defeating the Mahdists at Abu Klea on January 17, 1885, the men met the enemy again two days later. With the relief force approaching, the Mahdi began planning to storm Khartoum. Possessing around 50,000 men, he ordered one column to wade across the White Nile to attack the citys walls while another assaulted the Massalamieh Gate. Moving forward on the night of January 25-26, both columns quickly overwhelmed the exhausted defenders. Swarming through the city, the Mahdists massacred the garrison and around 4,000 of Khartoums residents. Though the Mahdi had expressly ordered that Gordon be taken alive, he was struck down in the fighting. Accounts of his death vary with some reports stating he was killed at the governors palace, while others claim he was shot in the street while trying to escape to the Austrian consulate. In either case, Gordons body was decapitated and taken to the Mahdi on a pike. Siege of Khartoum - Aftermath: In the fighting at Khartoum, Gordons entire 7,000-man garrison was killed. Mahdist casualties are not known. Driving south, Wolseleys relief force reached Khartoum two days after the citys fall. With no reason to remain, he ordered his men to return to Egypt, leaving Sudan to the Mahdi. It remained under Mahdist control until 1898 when Major General Herbert Kitchener defeated them at the Battle of Omdurman. Though a search was made for Gordons remains after Khartoum was retaken, they were never found. Acclaimed by the public, Gordons death was blamed on Gladstone who delayed forming a relief expedition. The resulting outcry led his government to fall in March 1885 and he was formally rebuked by Queen Victoria. Sources: BBC. General Charles Gordon. Fordham University.  Islamic History Sourcebook: Death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Sandrock, John.  Windows to the Past: Siege of Khartoum.

Software Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Software Engineering - Essay Example by which a hacker or a foreign source can enter in another system can exploit that system by deleting the data or stealing the information from that system thus the whole architecture of system can be modified. The vulnerabilities in chat application cause a lot of problem as it is to enter other system’s domain. The vulnerabilities are found in every operating system so if we are chatting either through Windows or through Linux or UNIX, we have to secure our system. There are many vulnerabilities found in which mainly are multiple vulnerabilities in Yahoo Messenger, multiple vulnerabilities in BIND and SNMP, Buffer Overflow in Microsofts MSN Chat ActiveX Control etc. In the case Yahoo Messenger, multiple vulnerabilities are found. The hacker can easily enter the domain of the other system and hack that system easily by using some codes which may be written in JAVA or some other languages. The yahoo messenger is use every where in the world and so it has to secures but still some soft spots exist. And vulnerabilities like a buffer overflow and URL validation vulnerability exist. The vulnerabilities like VU#137115, VU#172315 exist. These vulnerabilities are due to the buffer overflow in URI handler (VU#137115) and other one is caused as the addview function permits the other arbitrary codes to execute in its own system. Thus the hacker can send some scripts to other system and can exploit the situation. Thus due to these vulnerabilities and others the remote attacker can easily modify other system. The Yahoo Messenger has removed these vulnerabilities by using advance version like Yahoo! Messenger version 5,0,0,1058, released February 25, 2002 or by server side solution. The Yahoo Messenger whenever is

Main Responsibilities in the Nursing Profession Essay

Main Responsibilities in the Nursing Profession - Essay Example In 2008, the National Survey of Registered Nurses conducted research and found out that over 3 million nurses were registered. There are only 2.6 million nurses who have been employed out of the 3 million registered nurses. Out of these 2.6 million which is an equivalent of 84%, 50.0% are nurses prepared from Baccalaureate programs, 36.1% from Associate Degree programs while 13.9% were from Diploma Nursing Programs. The NCLEX-RN licensing examination is taken by those who are to be recognized as certified nurses. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation made a proposal in a report. This report on The Future of Nursing suggested that 50.0% of BSN should be increased to 80%. Many types of research have also been conducted, and the findings reported that BSN in most care centres has realized a reduced rate of mortality deaths. American Organization of Nurse Executives called for all nurses to undergo the Baccalaureate programs. This program is to make them competent enough to handle the challengi ng task ahead of their careers. The U.S Army requires nurses that are competent specifically with a degree in baccalaureate nursing so that these nurses can be given the position of a commissioned nurse. A study was conducted showing that a large number of people preferred nurses who were trained for the duration of four years and over. It is only fair that the life of a patient is entrusted on a competent nurse. This paper will explore the difference in competencies that are notable between associate-degree nurses and nurses who have been prepared at the Baccalaureate-degree level in nursing. Baccalaureate nursing program is inclusive of all the course work that is taught in diploma and associate degree level. The four-year training they go through is seen in the care they extend to patients. Baccalaureate nurses are taught on theoretical and practical aspects. These theories incorporate the various fields outside medicine. Nursing knowledge includes theories in humanities, science s, as well as, Biblical concepts.

The Eastern Chipmunk Essay -- essays research papers

The Eastern Chipmunk The Eastern chipmunk is a small rodent of the Sciuridae family. This chipmunk is closely related to the red and grey fox, the flying squirrel, and the woodchuck. Its Taxonomic name is Tamias Striatus. The word Tamias, Means collector or keeper and Striatus refers to its bold stripes and coloring. The body of the average Eastern Chipmunk is about 8 to 10 inches long, the weigh about 2 ÂÂ ½ to 4 ounces. The ears are rounded with ears that stick straight up. It has short legs, the hind legs each have five claws, the front legs have four, and a long thumb like extension. They also have a furry flat tail. Chipmunks have short, dense body fur. It is the same color for males and females. This is a reddish-brown with black and white hairs. The cheeks and sides of the body are grayish-tan to tawny brown. Chipmunks are omnivorous. They generally eat nuts, seeds of herbaceous plants, mushrooms, berries, corn, the flesh and seeds of some fruits and garden vegetables, Birds' eggs, insects, snails, earthworms, millipedes, salamanders, small snakes, frogs and young...

Ancient Art: How It Affects Society Today Essay

Ancient art has a timeless value on how it affects society today. In order to interoperate each work of art, an individual must have a full knowledgeable concept of how to define each piece. This essay defines each the Mona Lisa created by Leonardo Da Vinci and the Venus de Milo sculpted by Alexandros of Antioch. It defines the form, subject matter, and content for both pieces. The comparison between both pieces is very much different in concepts, but the meaning of both, hold so much of value is very similar by level of representation. Ancient Art Art within itself defines who we are as individuals through the way we express our; feelings, emotions, expressions, and things we create. Looking at the â€Å"Mona Lisa† created by Leonardo Da Vinci, this was certainly a masterpiece that captured the eyes of many through its meaning and design. In a resemblance to art, the â€Å"Venus de Milo† created by Alexandros of Antioch, was a spectacular sculpture that was dated back to 100BC and speaks too many about its characteristic. There are many different aspects to define each artwork such as; the form, subject matter, and its content. Relating art to its time is a crucial aspect to know and understand what possessed meaning during that time. The form of the work is a very crucial aspect to apply when looking at art work. The Mona Lisa is a two-dimensional oil painting on a panel of wood. The painting technique Leonardo da Vinci used was called sfumato (the Italian word for smoke) which involves using several translucent layers of color to produce depth in the painting. I t is still unknown how Leonardo applied the paint as there is no obvious evidence of brush strokes or use of fingers. As for the Venus de Milo, it was a three-dimensional sculpture created out of Italian marble which is a hard stone that has a fine grain which allows for it to be carved with a high degree of detail. According to Lee (2013), â€Å"The Venus de Milo was carved from at least six to seven blocks of Parian marble: one block for the nude torso, another block for the draped legs, another block apiece for each arm, another small block for the left foot, another block for the inscribed plinth and finally the separately carved herm that stood beside the goddess.† Obviously the two differ in many different perspectives. First, sculpting and painting are two different forms of art but the intensive meaning behind both of them represent how much impact art has on society. The material and techniques varied in many different aspects as well and the color, whereas marble wasn’t available in different color schemes. The subject matter behind each piece was a representational outlook for highly respected and loved individuals. From what an individual can gather immediately looking at the Mona Lisa is that, from the sad expression on her face shows meaning behind her life. As for the Venus de Milo, individuals could gather it was someone of value in that era of time. Each with a powerful meaning behind each, but for those who know very little about art could not literally depict what it was actually representing. The content to these two masterpieces are very significant in meaning. The Mona Lisa Possessed a very interesting meaning behind the painting. The name of which the Mona Lisa was given was from Lisa del Giocondo, the wife of a wealthy Florence businessman. In modern Italian, â€Å"mona† means â€Å"my lady† or â€Å"madam,† so the title means â€Å"Madam Lisa†. According to Gwen Bruno (2009), â€Å"the portrait really represents the former Duchess of Milan, Isabella of Aragon and that her sad expression is due to her unhappy marriage.† The sculpture of Venus de Milo is the representation of the Greek goddess of love and beauty, is meant to be the depiction of pure beauty and perfection, (Mike De Rose, 2008). The action and modernized drapery give the Venus great nobility of a goddess. According to Mike De Rose (2008), â€Å"the Venus de Milo represents the girl that this man can never have, and acts as a fantasy for him. When Dario writes â€Å"in the impossible embrace of the Venus de Milo†, he is portraying how it would be impossible to hold or even touch this girl.† The time periods from which these were created were of substantial value to those of its time. The Mona Lisa more accurately fits the description of so by customs and values during that time. The Venus de Milo was more theory opposed to a literal value because she was of creation. Both of the timeless pieces of art will forever hold their value and meaning and will always be cherished. References * Gwen Bruno. (2009). â€Å"What Does the Mona Lisa Represent?† Demand Media Inc. RetrievedJanuary 25, 2013 from; http://www.ehow.com/facts_6175839_mona-lisa-represent_.html * * Lee. (2013). â€Å"What was the Venus De Milo made of?.† Yahoo Inc. Retrieved January 25, 2013from; http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070220141508AA8kRqO * * Mike De Rose. (2008). â€Å"The impossible embrace of the Venus de Milo.† Mercyhurst.edu.Retrieved January 25, 2013 from; * http://plato.mercyhurst.edu/english/breed/www/I%20Seek%20A%20Form/Venus%20de%20Milo.htm *

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For Insomnia - 2852 Words

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The Chilean Ministry Of Education - 986 Words

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Thus, schools were expected to compete for students because the government believed that parents would send their children to the best schools with the best teachers. This marketization of education was supposed to give citizens more control over their communities, weed out sub-par schools, and raise the quality of Chilean education (Schiefel 2). Pinochet’s reforms, however, had a different effect than was intended. Three types of schools formed: municipal schools, funded solely by local governments; privateShow MoreRelatedPrivatization Reform During Latin America769 Words   |  4 PagesConclusion Since the 1980s, transnational actors have disseminated ideas of education privatization throughout Latin America. Although by similar means, these policy ideas arrived at different historical moments at Chile and Argentina. Privatization ideas made its way in Chile carried by the influential Chicago boys, during the critical juncture of the authoritarian regime. 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Therefore B is the correct answer.  © Pearson Education Ltd 2010 1 Answers: Section A: The Market System (e) In any market, sellers will try to sell goods at the highest possible price. In complete contrast buyers will do the opposite. They will try to buy at the lowest price. However, if sellersRead MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal and Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 PagesAppraisal and performance Management, May 18, 2011, www.brighthub.com/office/human-resources/article/84772 Scort Snell and George Bohlander, Human Resource Management (Thomson South-Western, 2007). Gary Deessler, Human Resource Management (Pearson Education, 2008). Michael Armstrong, Human Resource Management Practice (Kogan Page Ltd. Landon and Philadelphia, 2006). S.K. Bhatia, Human Resource Management: A Competitive Advantage (Deep Deep Publication Pvt. Ltd, 2006). Mushin Lee and Byoungho Son,

George Washington’s Farewell Address Free Essays

George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were the first and the third presidents of the United States, respectively and both were established presidents in their own ways. In George Washington’s Farewell Address he advised Americans to not get entangled within foreign countries’ problems and conflicts and to not have everlasting alliances and treaties. Washington also did not like the idea of having diverse political parties, and he also stressed the magnitude of religion and morality. We will write a custom essay sample on George Washington’s Farewell Address or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thomas Jefferson, in his first Inaugural Address states that a superior government ill be able to permit its citizens to be well mannered, but at the same time let them organize themselves in what they desire to do. Jefferson also says that all principles will never change. Although they were both highly respected and regarded to as some of the greatest presidents in American history they didn’t always have the same opinions on what would be best for the growing nation. In his Farewell Address, George Washington mentions that Americans should mind American business and not be concerned with foreign conflicts because the United States had Just won a ery expensive war for their independence and already owed money to their new ally the French. This was a warning to all Americans because during that time America was still young, and it had many of its own problems to solve. Jefferson was also not in favor of getting involved with foreign entanglements. As Napoleon advanced into Europe, Jefferson decided to remain neutral in the conflict by banning all European trade from American Ports because of the British forces firing upon the Chesapeake. As harassment from Barbary pirates began to become an issue Washington was ersuaded to build up an American Navvy in order to protect those in harm and to retrieve the captured sailors. Thomas Jefferson’s approach to the pirates was a little different from Washington’s in that he chooses to implement a blockade of Tripoli and other Barbary ports in 1801; these actions forced him to reconsider his advocacy of budget cuts for the American navy. These actions then allowed the American naw to become respected by the rest of the world, because it proved that they wouldn’t be pushed around by anyone. Jefferson and Washington were both in favor of not etting involved in foreign entanglements as they showed through these actions and in their Addresses. George Washington specifically addressed the issue of diverse political parties. Washington thought political parties and political party dominance were very bad ideas. He wanted it to be about the best candidate being elected, not about two parties taking over and preventing all other parties from having an opportunity of being nominated. He said this because he believed it was dangerous to have power blocs arise from these different opinions. These different parties, the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists were beginning to surface had different thought which in turn caused many heated debates and a lot of aggression towards the opposite parties. However Jefferson knew that political parties were necessary, he voiced the thought in this famous quote. Jefferson said that there is basically no way to escape the differing opinions and political parties in a successful and free nation, due to the nature of man to disagree and to form their own opinions on how they think the nation should be run. Jetterson and his close triend James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party. Jefferson and Washington both had different opinions on the subject of political parties, with Washington strongly disapproving of it and Jefferson being a founder of one of the political parties it is safe to say they didn’t share the same mindset on this topic. George Washington was instrumental in stressing the importance of morality and religion. In his Farewell Address Washington that through experience religious values in a government are important. This is referring to the successful European nations that have an established religion integrated into their government. Jefferson agreed hat religion was important for people to be able to express and to believe in freely, however Jefferson was very vocal in trying to solidify a position between the church and the state. He was himself a Christian man and placed several god-like statements in the Declaration of Independence. Washington disagreed with Jefferson on the separation of church and state however, they both agreed religion was important in the new nation. In both of their addresses they discussed the issues involving the new government such as the issue of making alliances with other nations or becoming involved in foreign entanglements. Both Washington and Jefferson agreed that for the nation to become successful they must keep away from any foreign affairs regarding the fact that the nation was still developing and if war was to occur it would leave them more susceptible to being taken over. Each of the highly regarded presidents discussed the formation of political parties. Washington thought that political parties would destroy the new system of government. Jefferson on the contrary knew that political parties were inevitable; he then went on, with another respected colleague James Madison, to create the Democratic-Republican Party. The subject of religion and morality was discussed greatly in this period of time. Washington believed that for the government to be successful religion must be involved in all of the important branches such as the court systems. Jefferson on the other hand wanted to create a â€Å"wall of separation between church and state. † Although both of the presidents were extremely instrumental in founding and establishing this great nation, they didn’t always agree with each other, which isn’t bad because to create a good story you must have all points of view. How to cite George Washington’s Farewell Address, Papers

An Analysis of the Cactus free essay sample

What would you do if you found no one is responsible of your bad luck but you? That was what O. Henry tries to pin down to the readers in his symbolic short story, The Cactus. Through meaningful words and dictions, O. Henry tells the bad luck of the main character, Trysdale, who does not know that it is actually himself who make it possible. The delineation of a prestige man who gradually lost his amount of fake accessory of pride leads to the end that Trysdale finds himself as a foolish man who pedantically let everything which should not be his becomes a weapon to kill himself. The main character’s fate reveals one of the consequents of being a conceited and infirm guy, also the prestige of knowing Spanish or foreign language in eighteen thousands. Through gradual revelation, O. Henry describes Trysdale’s character and behavior. The main thing that leads Trysdale’s fate becomes that bad is his habit of paraphrasing some Castillian proverbs from dictionaries. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of the Cactus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Perhaps knowing a little means that you know anything and it will make you looked more educated, that is what Trysdale trying to do. Unfortunately, he targeted wrong person, Carruthers. He who admires Trysdale’s fake knowledge and shows it off to a woman that brings Trysdale’s bad luck in the end. Even Trysdale himself cries over spilt milk of this unexpected luck as stated in 9th paragraph, â€Å"Now, Carruthers was an idiot. † and â€Å"Carruthers, who was one of his incontinent admirers, was the very man to have magnified this exhibition of doubtful erudition†. It also shows us that Trysdale admits how he is not that really know many things about the â€Å"Spanish scholarship† (paragraph 11). However, he cannot confess it after the woman makes a judgment about him. Why? He wants to build a prestige of his own image in the woman’s eyes, another Trysdale’s foolish act to go to his end of the story. With his fake face, Trysdale becomes more confident to confess his anxiety of the woman. She who is thinking Trysdale knows everything about Spanish, decided to answer it with more elegant way. She gives him a cactus! Then, what does it mean? Is she rejects Trysdale’s proposal? No, she tagged â€Å"Ventomarme† word on it; means â€Å"come and take me†. Instead of happy, Trysdale confused with that kind of reaction, and assume it as a â€Å"strange actus† only with a nametag. What a good ending will be if he knows the meaning should be. Even after the proposal and acceptance occurrence, there only a strange meeting between them. There is no such a romantic conversation, the woman is â€Å"adamant† (paragraph 12) as she waits for Trysdale’ Reaction. Even after â€Å"her cue† (paragraph 12), there is no important movement both of them, only confusion that make them drifted apart. No wonder if there is a big question in Trysdale’s head; â€Å"Where was his fault? Who had been to blame? (paragraph 12) since he doesn’t feel any mistake with him. Thus, all of Trysdale’s confusion is broke with a sudden question which enough to make his regret, that makes them become logic and rational. In the woman’s marriage, he still keeps his image. The question comes from an inscrutable conventional conversation with the woman’s brother who said the meaning of the word â€Å"Ventomarme†. Instead of showing Trysdale’s next reaction, O. Henry chooses to end the story here, where it is enough to build an aspect of a short story, deep impression for the reader. Trysdale experiences a bad luck, left by the woman he love, without knowing what actually his mistake. After suffering confusion for certain period, it revealed that the key is placed in Spanish nametag on a cactus, which she used to know as Trysdale’s ability. Thus, The Cactus by O. Henry besides conveys the consequence of being a conceited and infirm person; it also perfectly represents what men want from such a prestige of knowing a Spanish or foreign language in eighteen hundreds.

The United States Supreme Court Marbury v Madison

Introduction The case of Marbury v Madison 5 U.S 137 (1830) is one of the most notable cases in the United States. Over the years, scholars have presented varying views concerning the validity of judicial review as one of the roles of the Supreme Court and its effect on separation of powers between the judiciary and congress.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The United States Supreme Court: Marbury v Madison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Justice Robert H. Jackson underscores the dilemma that the judicial review process creates by granting the judiciary power to nullify laws passed by the representative body of the government thus limiting the power of the majority to govern the country. On the other hand, judicial review provides an avenue through which the judiciary provides checks and balances for the legislature, thus ensuring adherence of laws to the constitution. Constitution makers in the United States ch oose the limited majority rule option as their preferred ideology. This paper explores arguments by Lawrence Baum and Timothy Johnson on the validity of this choice. The authors discuss issues regarding the decision making process in the Supreme Court and its effects on legislative policies. In my opinion, limited majority rule benefits all branches of government as well as the people that the institutions serve. It also ensures that members of congress enact policies that address the needs of the American society as opposed to personal needs of the lawmakers, thus making it the better option of the two choices as explained in this paper. Arguments in support of limited majority rule Lawrence Baum in his book, The supreme Court, explains that the one of the main issues generating controversy with regarding the role of the Supreme Court is the fact that the role grants the court the ability to nullify laws made by congress. In his defense of the implementation of judicial review, he draws attention to a distinction between the will of the majority in reference to the society and the will of the majority in reference to the members of the legislature. He states that most of the scholars who present opinions against judicial review often overlook the difference between the two concepts of the term majority in their analysis of situations. In his opinion, statutes that fail to comply with the constitutional provisions often represent the will of the majority in terms of members of the legislature and note with reference with the American people (Baum 32). He states further that in cases when the will of both the society and members of Congress is evident the Supreme Court often grants its support through its decisions.Advertising Looking for essay on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, during instances when it is evident that the will of the majority only represents the will of the r epresentatives of the people and not the people themselves, the judicial review creates a threshold where the courts can protect the interests of the American people by limiting the power of the majority (Baum 38). In the case of Marbury v Madison, the court gave its reason for dismissal of the petition as repugnancy of the statute, which provided the basis for the petition. In the case, President John Adams appointed William Marbury Justice of the Peace for the District of Columbia. It was the duty of the Secretary of State at the time, James Madison, to deliver the commission to Marbury. However, Madison refused to deliver the commission, thus prompting Marbury to petition to the Supreme Court seeking orders to force Madison to deliver the commission although the court found that Madison acted unlawfully by failing to deliver the commission, it ultimately ruled against Marbury. he court found that the provision of the Judiciary Act, under which Marbury had petitioned, was unconsti tutional as it extended the court’s original jurisdiction established under Article III of the constitution. The article established the judicial branch as well as powers the branch should exercise. The court dismissed the petition and explained that it had no obligation to abide by a statute made by Congress that made provisions contrary to those of the constitution. Chief Justice John Marshall found the provisions of the statute to be repugnant and thus inadmissible in determining the case. An analysis of the case with Baum’s argument on the entity constituting the majority reveals that judicial review in this case limited the rule of the members of Congress rather than the American people. Baum defends the limitation of majority rule in this case by stating that the court also plays the role of defending the integrity of the constitution as part of its implementation. According to Baum, the constitution forms the fundamental law that lays ground for the generation o f the rest of the laws in any society. In his analysis of the issue, he adds that the constitution represents the fundamental policies that define a society and govern its existence. Therefore, any other policies that fail to comply with the provisions of the constitution fail in their representation of the majority (Baum 60). In his perspective therefore, nullification of such statutes by courts results in the protection of the will of the people rather than its limitations. According to this justification, judicial review limits majority rule in instances when the majority is an entity other than the American public and is thus legitimate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The United States Supreme Court: Marbury v Madison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the arguments that lawmakers have advanced against this perspective of the majority rule is that the legislature acts as a representative entity of the people in government and therefore the statues it enacts represent the will of the people. Baum expounds that even though the legislature represents its electorates, the decisions individual members of Congress make are sometimes indicative of personal interests and go against the constitutional provisions. He insists that the court’s mandate regarding judicial review operates principally according to the constitutionality of a statute (Baum 65). Another argument that some scholars advance against the limitation of majority rule is that courts use judicial review to dictate laws and create opportunities for the creation of other laws favorable to the institution. This argument stems out of the premise that some of the methods that the judiciary uses to interpret statutes allow it to overstep its mandate and assume the power of the legislature. Such scholars note that one of the defenses the judiciary gives for such action is the absence of legislative provisions on some issue s and vagueness in others. They add that by limiting the majority rule, the courts encourage the persistence of such inadequacies and subsequently create an environment that allows them to ‘create’ laws through case law and manipulate the direction in which Congress creates laws. For instance Timothy Johnson, author of Oral Arguments and Decision Making in the United States Supreme Court, mentions the application of precedents as one of the methods judges of the Supreme Court apply when interpreting statutes and making decisions. He explains that the application of the principle of precedents in case law requires judges of the Supreme Court to consider decisions the court has made in the past, exhibiting similar facts under similar circumstances. In most cases, lawyers also use this principle to support their cases and make compelling arguments (Johnson 43). Although the argument bears some truth, it is critical to appreciate that judicial review seeks not to curtail th e ability of the legislature to make laws, but it only prevents the application of repugnant statutes due to their unconstitutionality. Johnson explains that even though the Supreme Court sometimes bases some of its decisions on case law, it collectively considers other factors including statutory law.Advertising Looking for essay on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He adds that case law often serves to clear doubts regarding the application of certain statutory provisions in cases where the provisions bear more than one meaning (Johnson 52). Baum’s contribution regarding the use of case law in decision-making is that it creates some uniformity and eliminates the possibility of contradictory application of the law by the Supreme Court. In fact, the element of predictability in the application of case law makes the formulation of statutory laws easier as it allows lawmakers to spot gaps in legislative provisions and make appropriate changes, constitutionally. He emphasizes that the Supreme Court cannot make laws and thus relies on the input of Congress in rectifying statutory inadequacies (Baum 72). In cases where Congress fails to identify such gaps in legislation, the courts continue to use case law. It is also important to note that the inception of case law applicable as precedents always relies on existing laws. Any substantial alter ation in the statutory provisions on which such case law is founded elicits formulation of new case law, which incorporates the current changes. The old cases only serve to persuade the court on points of law. Conclusion It is worth noting that the judiciary’s power to nullify laws passed by Congress only runs to the extent of the unconstitutionality of such laws. This provision ensures that the judiciary also stays within its mandate and does not extend its mandate to include making laws through disapproval of laws that do not appeal to the institution’s interests. Although limitations of majority rule through judicial review lacks codification or universal acceptance, the application of the concept depends on the jurisdiction and regarding this case warrants acceptance in the United States. The power of judicial review exists in the American constitution as one of the roles of the judiciary, thus eliminating the need for elements such as international acceptance and statutory inclusion. In addition, the concept of separation of power requires each branch of government to keep the other in check to avoid misuse of power, and thus the legislature should not be an exception based on the simple view of its representation of the people. The limited majority rule is thus a valid and important concept with which all branches of the American government under the American constitution should comply, regardless of the arguments some scholars present against the idea. I chose the limited majority rule as my preferred option as the concept prevents the possibility of moral hazard and protects the interests of both the majority and the minority classifications of the populations that leaders represent. Works Cited Baum, Lawrence. The Supreme Court, Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 2012. Print. Johnson, Timothy. Oral Arguments and Decision Making in the United States Supreme  Court, New York: State University of New York Press, 2011. Print. This essay on The United States Supreme Court: Marbury v Madison was written and submitted by user The Watchers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Key Facts About the Battle of Gonzales

Key Facts About the Battle of Gonzales On October 2, 1835, rebellious Texans and Mexican soldiers clashed in the small town of Gonzales. This small skirmish would have much larger consequences, as it is considered to be the first battle of Texas War of Independence from Mexico. For this reason, the fight at Gonzales is sometimes called the Lexington of Texas, referring to the place which saw the first fighting of the American Revolutionary War. The battle resulted in one dead Mexican soldier but no other casualties. Prelude to Battle By late 1835 tensions between Anglo Texans - called Texians - and Mexican officials in Texas. The Texians were becoming more and more rebellious, defying rules, smuggling goods into and out of the region and generally disrespecting Mexican authority every chance they could. Thus, Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna had given the order that the Texians be disarmed. Santa Annas brother-in-law, General Martà ­n Perfecto de Cos, was in Texas seeing that the order was carried out. The Cannon of Gonzales Some years previously, the people of the small town of Gonzales had requested a cannon for use in defense against Indian raids, and one had been provided for them. In September 1835, following orders from Cos, Colonel Domingo Ugartechea sent a handful of soldiers to Gonzales to retrieve the cannon. Tensions were high in the town, as a Mexican soldier had recently beaten up a citizen of Gonzales. The people of Gonzales angrily refused to return the cannon and even arrested the soldiers sent to retrieve it. Mexican Reinforcements Ugartechea then sent a force of some 100 dragoons (light cavalry) under the command of Lieutenant Francisco de Castaà ±eda to retrieve the cannon. A small Texian militia met them at the river near Gonzales and told them that the mayor (with whom Castaà ±eda wished to speak) was unavailable. The Mexicans were not allowed to pass into Gonzales. Castaà ±eda decided to wait and set up camp. A couple of days later, when told that armed Texian volunteers were flooding into Gonzales, Castaà ±eda moved his camp and continued to wait. The Battle of Gonzales The Texians were spoiling for a fight. By the end of September, there were some 140 armed rebels ready for action in Gonzales. They elected John Moore to lead them, awarding him the rank of Colonel. The Texians crossed the river and attacked the Mexican camp on the misty morning of October 2, 1835. The Texians even used the cannon in question during their attack, and flew a makeshift flag reading â€Å"Come and Take it.† Castaà ±eda hastily called for a cease-fire and asked Moore why they had attacked him. Moore replied that they were fighting for the cannon and the Mexican constitution of 1824, which had guaranteed rights for Texas but had since been replaced. The Aftermath of the Battle of Gonzales Castaà ±eda did not want a fight: he was under orders to avoid one if possible and may have sympathized with the Texans in terms of states rights. He retreated to San Antonio, having lost one man killed in action. The Texan rebels did not lose anyone, the worst injury being a broken nose suffered when a man fell off a horse. It was a short, insignificant battle, but it soon bloomed into something much more important. The blood spilled that October morning marked a point of no return for the rebellious Texians. Their victory in Gonzales meant that disgruntled frontiersmen and settlers all over Texas formed into active militias and took up arms against Mexico. Within a couple of weeks, all of Texas was up in arms and Stephen F. Austin had been named commander of all Texan forces. For the Mexicans, it was an insult to their national honor, a brazen challenge by rebellious citizens which needed to be put down immediately and decisively. As for the cannon, its fate is uncertain. Some say it was buried along a road not long after the battle. A cannon discovered in 1936 may be it and it is currently on display in Gonzales. It also may have gone to the Alamo, where it would have seen action in the legendary battle there: the Mexicans melted down some of the cannons they captured after the battle. The Battle of Gonzales is considered the first true battle of the Texas Revolution, which would continue through the legendary Battle of the Alamo and not be decided until the Battle of San Jacinto. Today, the battle is celebrated in the town of Gonzales, where there is an annual re-enactment and there are historical markers to show the various important locations of the battle. Sources Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: The Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: The Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. Paperback, Reprint edition, Anchor, February 8, 2005. Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and its War with the United States. 1st Edition, Hill and Wang, May 13, 2008.